Applying from Where You LiveYour nationality decides if you need a visa. Your residence decides where you apply.

Yes. gov.uk states you can apply for a UK visit visa from any country whether you are resident there or not, though it may take longer if you are not resident. You apply online, then attend a visa application centre in your country of residence (run by VFS Global or TLScontact) to give your fingerprints and photo. Whether you need the visa at all is decided by your passport, not by living in Qatar - most Indian, Filipino, Pakistani and Egyptian passport holders do need one.

No. Residence in a Gulf state does not change your nationality, and visa-free access is tied to nationality. An Indian citizen living in Dubai still travels on an Indian passport and still needs whatever that passport needs. What Gulf residence changes is where you apply - you can lodge the application in the Gulf rather than travelling home to do it.

Two rules combine. You apply to the consulate of the Schengen country that is your main destination (or, if you are visiting several equally, the country you enter first). And under the EU Visa Code you lodge it in the country where you are legally resident - so a resident of the UAE applies at that destination country's mission or visa centre in the UAE. Confirm the exact centre with that consulate, as arrangements vary.

Consulates typically ask for a valid residence permit or ID for the country you are applying from, usually valid for a period beyond your intended return - three months beyond is a common Schengen requirement, but it varies by consulate. This is in addition to the normal documents your nationality's application requires. Always check the specific mission's published list.

Both, for different things. Your citizenship (the passport you hold) decides whether a visa is required and which application applies to you. Your country of legal residence decides where you submit that application and the proof-of-residence documents you add. Use the table above to see what your specific passport needs, then apply from where you live.